The SA Constitution. The Bill of Rights

Section 35. Arrested, detained and accused persons.

35. (1) Everyone who is arrested for allegedly committing an offence has the right ­

1. to remain silent;
2. to be informed promptly ­
3.  
   1. of the right to remain silent; and
   2. of the consequences of not remaining silent;
4. not to be compelled to make any confession or admission that could be used in evidence against that person;
5. to be brought before a court as soon as reasonably possible, but not later than ­
6.  
   1. 48 hours after the arrest; or
   2. the end of the first court day after the expiry of the 48 hours, if the 48 hours expire outside ordinary court hours or on a day which is not an ordinary court day;
7. at the first court appearance after being arrested, to be charged or to be informed of the reason for the detention to continue, or to be released; and
8. to be released from detention if the interests of justice permit, subject to reasonable conditions.

(2) Everyone who is detained, including every sentenced prisoner, has the right ­

1. to be informed promptly of the reason for being detained;
2. to choose, and to consult with, a legal practitioner, and to be informed of this right promptly;
3. to have a legal practitioner assigned to the detained person by the state and at state expense, if substantial injustice would otherwise result, and to be informed of this right promptly;
4. to challenge the lawfulness of the detention in person before a court and, if the detention is unlawful, to be released;
5. to conditions of detention that are consistent with human dignity, including at least exercise and the provision, at state expense, of adequate accommodation, nutrition, reading material and medical treatment; and
6. to communicate with, and be visited by, that person's ­
7.  
   1. spouse or partner;
   2. next of kin;
   3. chosen religious counsellor; and
   4. chosen medical practitioner.

(3) Every accused person has a right to a fair trial, which includes the right ­

1. to be informed of the charge with sufficient detail to answer it;
2. to have adequate time and facilities to prepare a defence;
3. to a public trial before an ordinary court;
4. to have their trial begin and conclude without unreasonable delay;
5. to be present when being tried;
6. to choose, and be represented by, a legal practitioner, and to be informed of this right promptly;
7. to have a legal practitioner assigned to the accused person by the state and at state expense, if substantial injustice would otherwise result, and to be informed of this right promptly;
8. to be presumed innocent, to remain silent, and not to testify during the proceedings;
9. to adduce and challenge evidence;
10. not to be compelled to give self-incriminating evidence;
11. to be tried in a language that the accused person understands or, if that is not practicable, to have the proceedings interpreted in that language;
12. not to be convicted for an act or omission that was not an offence under either national or international law at the time it was committed or omitted;
13. not to be tried for an offence in respect of an act or omission for which that person has previously been either acquitted or convicted;
14. to the benefit of the least severe of the prescribed punishments if the prescribed punishment for the offence has been changed between the time that the offence was committed and the time of sentencing; and
15. of appeal to, or review by, a higher court.

(4) Whenever this section requires information to be given to a person, that information must be given in a language that the person understands.

(5) Evidence obtained in a manner that violates any right in the Bill of Rights must be excluded if the admission of that evidence would render the trial unfair or otherwise be detrimental to the administration of justice.

Section 8 states that the Bill of Rights applies to all law, and binds the legislature, the executive, the judiciary and all organs of state. It binds a natural or a juristic person if, and to the extent that, it is applicable, taking into account the nature of the right and the nature of any duty imposed by the right. When applying a provision of the Bill of Rights to a natural or juristic person, a court,­ in order to give effect to a right in the Bill, must apply, or if necessary develop, the common law to the extent that legislation does not give effect to that right and may develop rules of the common law to limit the right, provided that the limitation is in accordance with section 36(1). A juristic person is entitled to the rights in the Bill of Rights to the extent required by the nature of the rights and the nature of that juristic person.